1. always/ often/ frequently/ often/
usually/ sometimes/ never
Ⅰ. 这几个词都是表频度的副词,它们之间的区别可用百分比来区分:
(0%)→(20%)→ 70%)→(75%)→(100%)
从不 —→ 有时 —→ 时常 —→ 通常 —→ 总是
即:never(0%)→sometimes(20%)→often/frequently(70%)→usually(75%)→always(100%)
Ⅱ always “永远、总是”。与进行时连用时,表“再三地、老是”等意思。有时还表“生气或不耐烦”等盛情色彩。如:
① The sun always rises in the east.
太阳总是从东方升起。
② I always get up at seven o’clock.
我总是在七点钟起身。
③ The boy is always asking whys.
这男孩老是问这问那没个完。
Ⅲ often “时常、常常”强调经常性。如:
① He often comes here to see me. 他时常到这儿来看我。
② We have often been there.
Ⅲ frequently “时常、屡次”常与often 通用。但它强调次数频繁。如:
① Business frequently brings him to Shanghai.
他时常因事到上海去。
② He frequently comes here to see her.
他时常到这儿来看她。
Ⅳ usually “经常”其动作频率仅次于always.常常与一般过时,一般现在时连用。
① I usually get up at six in the morning.
Ⅴ never “从不”是否定副词。常常与完成时连用。
① I have never been to the Great Wall.
② She said she had never gone there.
2. edge / side
Ⅰ.edge侧重于指很窄的 “边缘”, 如刀刃或沿边的一部分.如:
Put some salt on the edge of your plate.
在你的盘子边上放些盐.
Ⅱ.side “边, 旁边” 有时与edge同义,有时指 “(东西的)侧面”, “(一个)方面”, “(身体的)侧边”,如:
3. among/ between/ in the middle of
Ⅰ. among “在……之中/中间” 指三者或三者以上。通常表某个范围。如:
① Someone is wrong among us.
我们中间有人错了。
② There is a small village among the mountains.
大山之间有座小村庄。
Ⅱ. between “在…之间”指在二者之间,有时与and 连用。如:
① There is a river between us.
在我们两人之间有一条河。
② I’m standing between a house and a big tree.
我站在一座房子和一棵大树中间。
Ⅲ. in the middle of “在……中间”指在某事物中间,强调事物的两端的中间。如:
There is a bus stop in the middle of the road.
在这条公路中间有个车站。
4. animal/ beast
Ⅰ. animal “动物” 是区别于植物而言,是动物的总称,通常指兽、鸟、虫、鱼等。如:
① It’s an animal of monkey kind.
这是一种属于猴类的动物。
② The animal is hungry. 这个动物饿了。
Ⅱ. beast “四足动物”通常指不包括爬行动物的较大的四足动物。如:
① The camel is a beast of burden.
骆驼是负重的动物。
② The tiger is a beast of prey. 老虎是猛兽。
5. another/ other/ more
Ⅰ. 名词前表示具有增加意义的“还、再”,一般用 more 和 another. more放在数词之后,而another 放在数词之前;有时也可以用 other, 但other具有“不同”之意。保留它本意“别的”。如:
① one more thing, one other thing, another thing都表示“还有一件事”之意,如:
② I want three more / other books. = I want another three books.我还要三本书。
③ I stayed there three more days. = I stayed there another three days. 我在那儿又呆了三天。(这里不用other, 因day与day没有不同之意。
④ We need three more / another three hands to do the job.我们还需要三个人做这项工作。(这里不用other , 因不强调人与人的不同。)
⑤ He works on the Great Green Wall with many other people. 他与别的许多人一块在绿色长城上工作。( other 没有增加之意,表除自己以外的别的人。)
6. another/ the other/ other/ others/ the others
Ⅰ. another 指不定数目中的“另一个、又一个” (三个以上)用来代替或修饰可数名词。如:
I don’t think the coat is good enough. Can you show me another?
Ⅱ. other 泛指“另外的”修饰复数名词。如:
We study Chinese, maths, English and other subjects.
Ⅲ. others 泛指“另外的人或物”, 但不指其余的人或物的全部。如:
Some like swimming, others like boating.
Ⅳ. the other 指两个中的“另一个”如:
He has two sons, one is in Shanghai, the other is in Beijing.
Ⅴ. the others 特指某一范围内的“其余全部的人或物”如:
There are thirty books on the bookshelf. Five are mine, the others are my father’s.
7. answer/ reply
Ⅰ. answer “回答、答复”。是最普通的用语,包括用口头、书面或行动回答。它可以用作及物动词或不及物动词。如:
① He answered my question.
② It is a difficult question to answer.
这是一个难以回答的问题。
③ Please answer my letter as soon as possible.
④ They left a boy to answer the bell.
他们留下一个孩子应门。
Ⅱ.reply “回答、答复”。 但比answer 正式些。它指用口头或书面回答。严格地讲,是指有针对性地详细地回答。 它也指用行动回答。Reply 常用作不及物动词,回答某人或某事。后接to; 当它与直接引语或从句连用时,才用作及物动词。如:
① I didn’t reply to him.我没有答复他。
② He replied that he might go. 他回答说他可能去。
8. any/ either
二者所指的相关名词或代词的数量不同。
Ⅰ. any 指二个以上的“任意一个”人/物。如:
When can you go with me to the city?
Any day of this week will do.
什么时候你能陪我去城里?这个星期的哪天都行。
Ⅱ. either 一般指两个中的“任意一个”且其后不能接不可数名词。如:
Can you come on Friday or Saturday?
Either will do .
你能在星期五还是星期六来吗?哪天都行。
9. any/ some
Ⅰ.any “一些、一点、(有时不宜译出)” 一般用于疑问句、否定句。 如:
① Have you any new books? 你有(什么)新书吗?
No, I have not any new books. 我没什么新书。
② Have you any money with you? 你身边带了一些钱吗?
Ⅱ.some “一些、一点” 一般用于肯定句。如:
① I have some new books. 我有一些新书。
[注]:① any用于肯定句中时,表“任何……、随便……”等意思。 如You may come at any time. 你随便什么时候来都可以。
②some 用于疑问句时,表“期望得到肯定的回答”或“邀请”或“请求”等意思。通常用在带情态动词的问句是。如:
1. Aren’t there some envelops in that drawer?
那个抽屉不是有些信封吗?
2. Would you have some tea?您喝点茶吗?
10. anyone/ any one
Ⅰ. anyone “任何人”其后不跟of 短语。如:
Is there anyone at home.?
Ⅱ. any one “任何人/物”其后可跟 of 短语。如:
I’ll send you any one of these pens.
[注]:类似的用法还有:everyone & every one.
11. arise/ rise
Ⅰ. rise “升起、起来”它表“起床”的意义时比get up 正式 ,但不如get up 常用。如:
① The sun rises in the east.
太阳从东方升起。
② The Chinese people have risen to their feet.
中国人民站起来了。
③ He rises very early. 他起床很早。
Ⅱ. arise “出现、发生”。它虽然可表“升起、起来、起床等意思,但现在一般不用于此义,特别是在口语中。如:
① A new problem has arisen.
出现了一个新的问题。
② How did the quarrel arise?
争吵是怎样发生的?
12. arms/ weapon
Ⅰ. arms (pl) “武器”着重指用于战争的具体的武器,如枪、炮等。 如:
① The black people there have taken up arms to defend themselves.
那里的黑人已拿起武器自卫。
② The soldiers had plenty of arms and ammunition!
士兵们有充足的武器和弹药。
③ Lay down your arms! 放下(你们的)武器!
Ⅰ. weapon “武器”单、复数形式都用。它意义比arms 广泛,除指用于战争的各种武器之外,还指虽然不是为战争而制造,但可以用作进攻或防守的器具。如:槌、石子等。此外,weapon 还可以用于借喻。如:
① The atom bomb is a weapon of mass slaughter.
原子弹是一种大规模屠杀的武器。
② Look to your weapons. 当心你的武器。
③ A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.
外国语是人生斗争的一种武器。
13. around/ round
Ⅰ. around 与 round 都可以用着前置词和副词。
Ⅱ. around “在……周围”“在周围”“循环地”。表静止的位置。如:
① They sat around the table.
他们围绕桌子坐着。
② I found nobody around.
我发现周围没有一个人。
Ⅲ. round “环绕……周围、循环地”表一种活动的状况。如:
① The earth moves round the sun.
地球绕着太阳转。
② A wheel goes round.
轮子旋转着。
[注]:这两个词现在可以通用,只是around 多用于美国,round多用于英国。
14. arrive/ reach/ get to
Ⅰ. arrive, reach, get to 均有“到达”之意,意义基本相同,但arrive(in)/(at) 与reach, 是正式用语,get to 是通俗用词,常用于口语。
Ⅱ. arrive 是不及物动词,表到达什么地点时,后面应接前置词in或at, 一般说,到达一个大地方常用in, 到达较小的地方常用at, 但这不绝对的。(与地点副词连用时当然不用任何前置词)如:
① He arrived in Beijing yesterday.
② When he arrived at the stop, the bus had left.
Ⅲ. reach 是及物动词,后面直接跟表地点的名词。如:
When does the train reach London?
Ⅳ. get to 只是较口语化。接地点副词时不用to. 如:
① He got to the shop at 5:00 o’clock this afternoon.
② When I got there, the film had been on for 5 minutes.
15. article/ essay/ composition
Ⅰ. article “文章、论文”通常指记叙文或论文。如:
① The article explains how the machine works.
这篇文章说明了这部机器怎样开动的道理。
② There is an article on education in the paper.
报纸上有一篇论教育的文章。
Ⅱ. essay “文章、论文”通常指文学上散文、随笔、杂文等;也指学术性论文。如:
① We shall read Lu Xun’s essays .
我们将读鲁迅的杂文。
② Can you write an essay in English?
你能用英文写一篇论文吗?
Ⅲ. composition “写作、作文”。 尤指学习语文者为练习写作而做的作文。如:
① He is learning composition.
他在学习写作。
② The students were required to write a composition in English.
要学生写一篇英语作文。
16. as soon as/ as early as/ as quickly as
Ⅰ. 这三个词都有“尽快、尽早”之意。
Ⅱ. as soon as 侧重于“极短时间内”。还表示“一……就……”之意,引导状语从句。如:
① I’ll return it as soon as I can.
我将尽快地把它还给你。
Ⅲ. as early as 侧重于一天中的早晨或在限定的时间内再早点,以便能达到预期的目的。如:
① You should arrive there as early as you can.
你应尽早到达那里。
Ⅳ. as quickly as 表做某事的速度非常之快或动作非常之敏捷。如:
① Please read the text as quickly as you can.
请把课文尽快读一遍。
17. as soon as/ hardly…when/ no sooner…than
Ⅰ. 三者在意义上基本相同,都有“一……就……”,“刚……就……”,但它们各有其特点。
Ⅱ. as soon as 最为普通,位置灵活,可在主句前,也可在其后。且可用作多种时态。如:
① As soon as I went in , Kate let out a cry of surprise.
我一进去,凯特就惊讶地叫了一声。
② I’ll tell him as soon as he comes back.
Ⅲ. hardly… when…的主句通常 用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时,when有时还可换成before.如:
① He had hardly finished his homework when the light went out.
他刚写完作业灯就灭了。
② Hardly had I come back when they began quarrelling.
我一回来他们就开始吵了起来。(hardly 提前时,句子需要倒装。)
Ⅳ. no sooner…than…句型中, no sooner一般只置于句首,所以主句有倒装形式。如:
No sooner had I known the news than I telephoned my mother. 我刚知道这个消息就打电话告诉了妈妈。
18. as well as/ as well
Ⅰ. as well as “也”“不仅…而且”意同:not only … but also具有连词性。
① She is my friend as well as my doctor.
他不仅是我的医生,也是我的朋友。
② Small towns as well as big cities are being industrialized.
小城市与大城市一样都在迅速实现工业化。
Ⅱ. as well “也”具有副词性。大致相当于also 或 too . 如:
He can speak Chinese as well.
19. as/ because/ for/ since
Ⅰ. 这三个词都可以用作连词,表“原因、理由” 但有区别:
Ⅱ. as “因为、既然”表示的原因或理由是明显的。语意不如because强。当理由是明显的,或者被认为是已知的时,则以用as 为好。如:
① As he was not well, I decided to go without him.
因为他身体不好,我决定独自去了。
② As it was getting very late, we soon turned back.
因为已很晚了, 我们很快就回来了。
③ As it is raining, you’d better take a taxi.
既然在下雨,你最好乘出租车。
Ⅲ. because “因为”表直接而明确的原因或理由。即必然的困果关系。在这几个词中,它的语意最强。回答以why 引导的特殊疑问句时,只能用because . 注意:because 不可以与so 连用。如:
① He had to stay at home yesterday because he was ill.
昨天他只得呆在家里,因为他病了。
② I did it because they asked me to do it.
我之所以做这件事,是因为他请我做的。
③ ---Why can’t you do it now? --- Because I’m too busy.
Ⅳ. since“既然”比as 较为正式,说明为人所知的原因。语气比because 稍弱。
① Since light travels faster than sound, we see lightening before we hear the thunder.
因为光比声音传播得快,所以我们先看到闪电,后听到雷声。
② Since he can’t answer the question, you’d better ask someone.
既然他回答不了这个问题,你最好问别人吧。
③ Since you are busy, I’ll do it for you.既然你忙,我替你做吧。
Ⅴ. for “因为”表原因或理由时,用以说明理由,只是解释性的。在这几个词中,它的语意最弱。它少用于口语中,也不用于句首。如:
① I asked her to stay to tea, for I had something to tell her.
我请她留下来喝茶,因为我有事要告诉她。
② We must get rid of carelessness, for it often leads to errors.
我们一定克服粗枝大叶的毛病,因为粗枝大叶常常差错。
③ It must have rained, for the road is wet.
一定下雨了,因为路是湿的。
④ I must go now, for my sister is waiting for me.
现在我得走了,我姐姐在等我呢。
[注]:这几个词按语意的强弱来排,其顺序为:
because—→since—→(as)—→for
20. as/ when/ while
这三个词都可以用作连词,表时间关系, 但有区别:
Ⅰ. as “当(在)……时候”往往可与when 或 while 通用,但它着重指主句和从句的动作或事情相并发生。如:
① I saw him as he was getting off the bus.
当下公共汽车的时候,我看见了他。
② As he walked on, he felt himself getting more and more tired.
他继续往前走的时候,感到越来越疲乏。
Ⅱ. when “当(在)……的时候”主句和从句的动作或事情可以同时发生,也可以先后发生。
① It was raining when we arrived.
当我们到达的时候,正下着雨。
② When we were at school, we went to the library every day.
我们在求学的时候,每天都到图书馆去。
Ⅲ. while “当(在)……的时候”表主句的动作或事情发生在从句中的动作或事情的进展过程之中。从句通常为进行时态。它有时可与when通用,但它只能指一段时间(a period of time),而不能指一点时间(a point of time)如上面的第一个例子。又如:
Please don’t talk so loud while others are working.
别人在工作的时候,请勿大声讲话。
While I am washing the floor, you can be cleaning the windows.
我洗地板时,你可以擦窗户。
21. ask / inquire/ question
Ⅰ. ask “问、询问”是最普通的用语,通常表示只是为了获得回答或了解某事而提问。如:
① I asked him if he could come. 我问他能不能来。
② I’ll ask him how to get there. 我要问他怎样去那儿。
Ⅱ. inquire “问、询问”表查究,调查的意思。如:
① I have inquired of him whether he could help me.我已问过他是否能帮助我。
② She came to inquire about her friend’s health.她来询问她朋友的健康情况。
③ He inquired of me about our work.他向我了解了我们的工作情况。
Ⅲ. question “询问、审问、提问”含有提出一连串问题的意味。如:
① I questioned him about the matter.我问过他这件事。
② He was questioned by the police. 他受到警察的审问。
22. ask/ ask for
Ⅰ. ask vt “问”后接一个宾语或双宾语。如:
① Don’t ask me, I don’t know.别问我,我不知道。
② Then ask your friend the same questions.然后问你的朋友同样的问题。
Ⅱ. ask vi “要求”“邀请”。后接不定式或复合句宾语。如:
① He asked to join the PLA. 他要求参加人民解放军。
② The villagers always ask them to stay for lunch. 乡亲们总是请他们留下来吃午饭。
Ⅲ. ask for “要求找到某人或某物”在不同情况下有不同的译法。如:
① He sat down and asked for a cup of tea. 他坐下来要了一杯茶。
② Last time Mum asked for some glasses in a shop. 上次妈妈在一家商店里要买几只玻璃杯。
Ⅴ. ask sb for sth “向某人要某物”如:
① Now ask your partner for the answers.向你的搭档要答案去。
② He came and asked me for his bike.他来向我要他的自行车。
23. asleep/ sleep / sleepy
Ⅰ. asleep adj “睡着的”;常作表语。如:
① The children have been asleep.孩子们已睡着了。
② He was too tired and fell asleep at once.他太累了,立刻就睡着了。
Ⅱ. sleep v & n “睡着”。如:
① You have a good sleep. 你需要好好睡一觉。
② Last night I sleep very well. 我昨天晚上睡得很好。
Ⅲ. sleepy adj “困乏的、想睡的”。如:
① She is always sleepy. 她总是想睡觉。
② I feel very sleepy now. 我现在昏昏欲睡。
24. at Christmas/ on Christmas
Ⅰ. at Christmas 表示“在圣诞节期间”,既可以表示在圣诞节当天,也可以表示在圣诞节前后不久。如:
I’ll return at Christmas 我将在圣诞节期间回来。
Ⅱ. on Christmas 则指“在圣诞节”,一般仅指在十二月二十五日当天。如:
Children always get many presents on Christmas Day.在圣诞节孩子们总是收到许多圣诞节礼物。
[注]:on Christmas Eve 指的是“在圣诞节前夜”相当于中国的除夕。
25. at first/ first
Ⅰ. at first “起初”,多用来表示后来发生的事情或动作,与前面的不同,甚至相反。如:
At first she knew nobody but now she has many good friends.起初她谁也不认识,但现在她有很多朋友。
Ⅱ. first 用来表示一系列动作或事物的“开始”。如:
Be polite. First knock at the door and then go in.要有礼貌。先敲门,再进去。
26. at last/ finally/ in the end
Ⅰ. at last “最后”表经过一定曲折之后某事才发生,强调努力的结果,带有较强的感情色彩。须用一般过去时。如:
Did the man in the shop understand him at last?
Ⅱ. finally 表动作的发生顺序是在“最后”, 无感情色彩,只用于过去时。它居句首时较多。
① Finally he went to see the famous man himself.
Ⅲ. in the end 表事物发展的自然顺序的“终结”,有时可与finally相互替换。但用于将来的预测时,则只能用in the end 如:
① I hope that everything will turn out all right in the end.
27. at school/ in school/ in a (the) school
Ⅰ. at school表示“在学校、在上学”相对于在家里或在校外。如:
① My son is at school now. He is not at home or somewhere else. 我儿子现在在学校,他不在家,也不在别的地方。
② When my brother was at school, he studied very hard.在学校时,我兄弟学习很用功。
Ⅱ. in school “在求学、在上学”相对于有工作。如:
My daughter still in school She doesn’t work.。我女儿还在上学,她不在工作。
[注]:①和②用at school 强调所在场所或时间。③中的in school 则强调主语的身份是学生。因此,inschool. 和 at school的着重点不一样,通常不互换使用。
Ⅲ. In a / the school “在学校”,不一定指上学。类似的还有:
in hospital “生病住院”
in a / the hospital表“在医院”(工作或探视病人等)
at table “在吃饭”
at a / the table “在桌边”(有可能在聊天或看报)
① Is your friend in school? 你的朋友在上学吗?
① Your friend looked for you in the school just now.刚才你的朋友在学校里找你。
② Children are often in hospital when they are young. 孩子们小的时候经常生病住院。
③ She is a good doctor in the hospital.她是医院里的一名好大夫。
28. at the beginning/ at the beginning of/ in the beginning
Ⅰ. at the beginning 和 in the beginning都可表“起初、开始、原先”之意。两者间没有明显的区别,通常可互换。如:
① You’ll find it difficult to learn Russian at the beginning. 起初,你会觉得俄语很难。
② In the beginning I didn’t know this.开始我不知道这事。
Ⅱ. 若表当今世界的开头,则必须用in the beginning eg:
In the beginning there were no men nor animals nor plants.在盘古开天辟地时,既没有人,也没有 动植物。
Ⅲ. at the beginning of “在……之初”, 其后通常 接表时间,事件或其它意义的名词,其反义词组为at the end of. 如:
① At the beginning of 1975 he came back to C年初,他回到了中国。。
② This adverb can also be placed at the beginning of the sentence.这副词也可以放在句子的开头。
29. at the top of/ on the top of
Ⅰ. at the top of “在……顶点上、在……上”。At 表示点,在句子中用作状语,反义短语常为 at the bottom of “在……底部”;
on (the) top of 中的on 表示部位上的接触,意思是“在……之上、在……上面”。反义短语常为at the foot of “在……脚底下”。如:
① He shouted at the top of his voice. 他高声地叫喊。
② He is at the top of the class.他居全班之首位。
③ Will you please put this box on (the) top of the books.请你这个盒子放在那些书的上面好吗?
30. at/ beside/ by/ near
Ⅰ. at “靠近”往往动作联系,意味着有目的、有意识的靠近,而by, beside, near只意味着就“靠近”而言。如:
① He sat at the desk. He wanted to read, 他坐到桌边,想看书。
Ⅱ. beside “在……旁边”;by = just at the side of “就在旁边”。两者一般可通用。但by 比beside语势较强些,并多用于日常用语中。如:
① There is a hospital beside / by the river. 河边有一家医院。
[注]:指“在某人身边”时,常多用beside. Eg:
① The little boy is standing beside his mother.
Ⅲ. near “在……附近”或“离……不远”,它表示的距离要比by / beside 来得远些。如:
① We live near the sea.我们住在海边。(表离海边有些距离)
② We live by / beside the sea.我们就住在海边。(表海就在身边)。
31. at/ in
Ⅰ. at 和 in 都可用在地点名词前,用at 时是把该地方视为一点,用in时则是把该地方看成一个范围。如:
① Are your classmates playing in the park? 你的同学都在公园里玩吗?
② They are waiting for you at the park. 他们在公园附近(里面)等你。
Ⅱ. at; in & on 都可用在表时间的名词前。在点时间前用at; 在表某一天或某一天的某个段时间(morning, evening, day, night atc)名词前,用on; 在段时间名词前(星期;年;月;周等)用in.如:
① I’ll meet you at eight. 我们8:00 钟会面。
② See you on Monday morning. 星期一早上见。
③ The story happened in May.故事发生在5月份。
Ⅲ. 固定词组:如:in the morning ; at night.
32. at/ to
Ⅰ. at多表目的或目标,而to 则仅表方向。如:
① He threw the ball at me. 他对准我扔球。
② He threw the ball to me. 他朝着我这个方向扔球。
③ My father shouted at me.我父亲对我吼叫。
④ My father shouted to me. 我父亲朝着我喊叫。
33. a year and a half / one and a half years
这是英语中表示“多少半”的两种说法:
①基数词+表示量得名词+and a half
②基数词+and a half +表示量的名词的复数
如:
① an hour and a half = one and a half hours. 一个半小时
② two kilos and a half = two and a half kilos 两公斤半。
34. awake/ wake/ waken
Ⅰ. awake “弄醒、叫醒、唤醒、醒来”与wake同意。引申意义为“觉醒、清醒”时,与awaken 同意。
① The noise awoke me. 喧闹声吵醒了我。
② But before long, the camel woke him.不久,骆驼就把他弄醒了。
③ I usually awake (wake) at six. 我通常六点钟醒来。
Ⅱ. wake 后往往跟up, awake 则不能; 而awake可作形容词,意为“醒着的”。如:
① Has he waked (up) yet? 他醒来了没有?
② Is he awake or asleep? 他醒着还是睡着?
Ⅲ. waken / awaken. 一般多用在被动语态中,意为“被叫醒、被弄醒”。如:
① I was awakened by the cry of the baby. 我被小孩的哭声惊醒了。
35. bank/ shore/ beach/ coast
Ⅰ. bank “岸”, 大都指河岸。如:
The twon is on the bank of the river. 那个城镇在河岸上。
Ⅱ. shore “岸”,指海,湖, 大河等的岸,常含有与水相对的意味。如:
The ship stopped a little way off the shore. 这船停在离岸不远的地方。
Ⅲ. beach“海滩、湖滩”, 通常指涨潮时有水,退潮时无水的有沙子或卵石的海滩或湖滩。如:
The children are playing on the beach.孩子们在海滩上玩。
Ⅳ. coast “海岸”仅指沿海之岸,尤指为水域边界。如:
① There are many harbours on the east coast of our land. 我国的东海岸上有许多港口。
36. base on/ be based on
Ⅰ. base on “以……为根据”,如:
① Edison based his ideas on scientific experiment.爱迪生的想法是建立在科学实验的基础上的。
② You should base your opinion on facts.你的意见都要以事实为根据。
Ⅱ. be based on “以……为根据”;“根据……”;“基于……”
① What he said is based on fact. 他所说的话是以事实为根据的。
② The story is based on real life. 那故事是根据现实生活而写的。
③ Some modern languages are based on Latin. 在些现代语言是以拉丁文为基础的。
37. be afraid of sb or sth/ be afraid of doing sth/
be afraid to do sth/ be afraid +that clause
Ⅰ. be afraid of sb or sth. “害怕某人或某事”如
① The man is afraid of nothing.这个人什么都不怕。
② Jenny is afraid of her father, for he is very strict with her. 詹妮害怕她父亲,因为他对她要求很严格。
Ⅱ. be afraid of doing sth. “害怕、担心某事(自己也无法左右的突发事情)发生”如:
I am afraid of falling into the swimming pool.我担心掉进游泳池里去。
Ⅲ. be afraid to do sth. “害怕、不敢做某事”如:
① The bat was afraid to leave his home. 蝙蝠不敢离开家。
② I am afraid to go out at night. 我害怕晚上出去。
Ⅳ. be afraid +that clause. “恐怕”表带歉意的回绝或告知不好的消息。that 常省去。如:
I am afraid (that) I can’t do that today. 恐怕今天我不能做那件事。
Ⅴ. 在日常用语中,I am afraid 常表示歉意或客气,没有恐惧之意。往往相当于I am sorry , 引出不愿发生、可能使对方失望的情况。如:
① I am afraid I don’t agree with you. 恐怕我不会同意你的意见。
② I am afraid (that) you are wrong. 恐怕你错了。
Ⅵ. 口语中,在 I am afraid 之后用so / not,可省去上文提到的内容。如:
①---Has he gone to Guangzhou? 他去广州了吗?
---I’m afraid so.
②---Are we on time? 我们迟到了吗?
---I’m afraid not. 可能没迟到。
38. be amazed at (by) / be amazed to do sth
Ⅰ. be amazed at / by “对……感到惊讶”。如:
① He is amazed at the news. 他对这个消息感到惊讶。
Ⅱ. be amazed to do sth . “对……做某事感到惊讶”. 如:
① I am amazed to see such a bad accident.看到这么严重的事故,我感到很惊讶。
Ⅲ. amaze sb. “使某人惊讶”如:
① The accident amazed me. 这事故使我很惊讶。
[联想]:amazing 形容词,“令人惊异的、了不起的”
amazement 名词。“惊讶”
[注意]:amaze指事件让人大为惊讶,强于surprise; surprise
39. be angry/ get angry
Ⅰ. be / get angry “生某人的气”后面的介词要用with; “因某事而生气”后面的介词要用about / at; be / get angry 后接不定式,这时不定式动词大多为 see 和hear 其不定式同样表生气的原因。如:
① Miss Liu was / got angry with Li Ping because he was late for school today. 刘老师生李平的气是因为他今天迟到了。
② She was / got angry with my behaviour.她对我的行为感到生气。
③ What are you angry about ? 你生什么气?
④ My father was angry at what I said. 我爸对我说的很生气。
Ⅱ. get angry 强调变化,强调由不生气变为生气这一过程;be angry 强调状态,表明正在生气这一状态。
His mother got angry with him when he told her what he had done at school.当他告诉他母亲,他在校的行为时,她生气了。
[联想]:类似的有:
be / become interested in. “对……有兴趣”
be / get married. “结婚”
have / catch a cold “感冒”
be / fall ill “生病” be / fall asleep “入睡、睡着”
40. be good at/ do well in
Ⅰ. be good at / in 意思接近于 do well in. “在(某方面)出色;擅长……”。be good at / in 强调一种笼统情况,而do well in 可表示一种情况,也可指在具体的一次活动中表现出色。
be good at 的反义词组为:be poor (weak) at (in). do well in 的反义词组为:do badly in.如:
① Mary is good at / in maths. = Mary does well in maths. 玛丽数学很好(指情况)。= 玛丽数学学得很好。
② Tom did well in (不宜用be good at.指具体一次)that English test / sports meeting.汤姆在那次英语考试中(运动会中)考得很好(表现出色)。
③ Wu Dong does badly in his lessons. = Wu Dong is weak / poor / at / in his lessons.吴冬功课不好。(指情况)
④ Mei Ying did badly in the high jump 梅英在跳高比赛中成绩不好。(具体一次,不宜替换。)
⑤ Mei Ying is weak / poor in / at high jump.梅英不善于跳高。(指笼统情况)
Ⅱ. do well 和do badly可单独使用,表一种情况;而be good / weak / poor 一定要借助于介词in 或at, 强调在某一个方面,才能表达一个完整的意思。如:
He does well / badly at school. 他在学校里功课很好/很差。